the relationship between citizens and the state has long been a concern for thinkers in the fields of public law and political philosophy. These thinkers have sought mechanisms to regulate the relationship between society and government in a way that preserves citizens' rights while ensuring that the government can effectively manage society. In this context, Islamic thinkers in the modern era have always contemplated how to leverage Islamic intellectual and civilizational capacities to address the challenges of the modern world. This article focuses on the effects of the principle of presumption of innocence on the codification of citizens' rights in Iranian law. The main hypothesis is that the principle of presumption of innocence, as a foundational principle in Shia jurisprudence, possesses significant potential for application in public law and for regulating the relationship between citizens and the state, beyond its role in private law. Research findings indicate that citizens' relations and the rights stemming from them, which are among the main political issues in the modern era, can be regulated through legislative mechanisms, utilizing the principle of presumption of innocence and its legal implications. The research employs a descriptive-analytical methodology, with data collected through library research.
 
Introduction
The concept of citizenship should be analyzed within the broader context of social rights and human rights. This analysis must focus on three major issues: the nature of citizenship, the relationship of citizenship with other key social institutions, and the historical processes that have given rise to and expanded citizenship. Citizenship is fundamentally a modern concept, emerging with modernity and the political agency of individuals, allowing citizens to participate in public affairs. All countries moving towards political modernity, including Iran, have inevitably engaged with citizens' rights. However, some argue that citizenship in the Iranian legal system is plagued by theoretical confusion. Thus, this article examines the effects of the principle of presumption of innocence on the codification of citizens' rights in Iranian law.
Materials & Methods
A citizen is a member of a political community who possesses rights and duties associated with membership. The concept of citizenship is intertwined with the public sphere. For Hannah Arendt, the public sphere encompasses two distinct yet interdependent dimensions: the space of appearance, which is a realm of political freedom and equality created through the collective actions of citizens mediated by discourse and persuasion; and the common world, a shared and public space consisting of artifacts, institutions, and human environments. Citizenship manifests itself in these two dimensions. Today, two major challenges confront citizenship theory: the plurality of political systems and globalization. The latter posits that citizens' rights are an extension of human rights. Therefore, by respecting citizens' rights, governments effectively adhere to human rights. The Islamic Republic of Iran must address citizens' rights in both dimensions: as a unique and specific system and as one existing in a globalized world.
 
Discussion & Results
Citizens' rights in Iran are rooted in religious texts, as citizenship in Islam is based on rights and obligations. Thus, attention to Islamic jurisprudential rules is essential. One of these jurisprudential principles, the principle of presumption of innocence, can serve as a foundation for establishing Islamic citizens' rights. According to this principle, where there is no religious obligation, individuals have the right to act freely. If we categorize citizens' rights into three types—civil rights, political rights, and social rights—we can derive all of them from the principle of presumption of innocence. Civil rights encompass the rights to own property and adhere to contracts, while political rights arise from the non-domination of individuals, allowing for freedom of choice.
 
Conclusion
Islamic civilization faces a complex situation, as it must contend with the demands of modernity while remaining faithful to its values and ideological frameworks. The status of citizens and citizens' rights is one of the challenges of this complex situation. To address this issue, Islamic jurisprudence can be utilized. The principle of presumption of innocence holds substantial potential for application in public law and for regulating the relationship between citizens and the state. This research reveals that citizens' rights consist of two fundamental pillars: one within civil rights, encompassing all areas outside the government, and the other within political rights, which include political activities. All these aspects can be inferred from the principle of presumption of innocence.